Seasonal Affective Disorder (SAD), is a form of depression, occurring during specific seasons—primarily fall and winter—as shorter days are believed to trigger chemical changes in the brain. More prevalent in adults and increasing with age, SAD is rare in those under the age of 20, affecting women more frequently than men.

What Causes SAD?

The reduced sunlight and shorter days are thought to induce a chemical shift in the brain—linked to the sleep-related hormone melatonin. The body produces more melatonin in darkness, which increases during shorter and darker days.

Symptoms of SAD

SAD presents in two forms: Fall-onset (winter depression) and Spring-onset (summer depression). Common symptoms include increased sleep, social withdrawal, irritability, fatigue, and changes in appetite. Symptoms tend to recur seasonally.

Diagnosis and Risk Factors

SAD is typically diagnosed through a thorough mental health examination and medical history conducted by a mental health professional. The risk increases with age, and early diagnosis is crucial, especially given the potential coexistence of other conditions like heart disease or cancer.

Treatment Options

Treatment varies for winter and summer depression and may involve exposure to sunlight, light therapy, psychotherapy, and antidepressants. Self-help strategies include setting realistic goals, socializing, engaging in enjoyable activities, regular exercise, and maintaining a healthy diet. Avoiding alcohol and drugs, delaying major decisions, and seeking support from friends and family are essential.

Key Points about SAD

• SAD is a type of seasonal depression linked to reduced sunlight and shorter days.
• The exact cause remains unclear, with chemical changes in the brain and melatonin potentially playing a role.
• Diagnosis involves a comprehensive mental health examination.
• Treatment commonly includes light therapy, psychotherapy, and sometimes antidepressants.